In 2024, Africa witnessed a series of political upheavals that underscored the continent’s ongoing struggles with governance, stability, and democratic transitions. These events, ranging from successful coups to thwarted attempts, have had profound implications for the affected nations and the broader African landscape. This topic delves into the key coups and coup attempts that marked Africa in 2024, analyzing their causes, outcomes, and the regional and international responses that followed.
Democratic Republic of the Congo A Foiled Coup
On May 19, 2024, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) experienced a significant coup attempt targeting President Félix Tshisekedi and his Economy Minister, Vital Kamerhe. Armed assailants launched attacks on both the Palais de la Nation and Kamerhe’s residence in Kinshasa. The assailants, led by Christian Malanga, who had declared himself the head of the New Zaire Government in Exile, engaged in intense combat with security forces. The Congolese military swiftly responded, neutralizing the attackers and preventing a successful coup. The incident resulted in several casualties, including two police officers and four attackers. Additionally, a shell fired during the clashes landed across the Congo River in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, injuring several civilians. The failed coup highlighted the persistent political tensions within the DRC and the challenges faced by the government in maintaining control over the country’s vast territory and diverse political factions.
Guinea Constitutional Changes Amidst Controversy
In September 2025, Guinea held a referendum on a new constitution that could potentially allow the current military leader, Mamady Doumbouya, to run for president, despite his earlier pledge not to seek office after seizing power in 2021. The proposed constitutional changes included extending the presidential term from five to seven years and establishing a Senate with one-third of senators appointed by the president. Critics, including opposition leaders and human rights organizations, argued that the referendum was a power grab and a violation of the promise to return to civilian rule. The government’s actions have raised concerns about the consolidation of power by military leaders in the region, reminiscent of similar developments in neighboring countries.
Chad Constitutional Amendments and Political Repression
In September 2025, Chad’s National Assembly approved significant constitutional changes that extended the presidential term from five to seven years and eliminated term limits, allowing President Mahamat Idriss Déby to run indefinitely. These revisions bolstered the power of President Mahamat Déby, who came to power after the death of his father, former President Idriss Déby, in 2021. The constitutional changes passed with overwhelming support in the National Assembly, and a final Senate vote was scheduled for October 13. Analysts suggested that this move aimed to consolidate long-term control by the ruling elite, with diminishing opposition under increasing pressure. The opposition leader, Succès Masra, who contested the 2024 election results, resigned and was later sentenced to up to 20 years in prison for inciting violence, further diminishing dissent in the country. Human rights organizations have condemned the government’s actions as a crackdown on political opposition and a step backward for democracy in Chad.
South Sudan Political Tensions and Legal Proceedings
In South Sudan, political tensions escalated when Vice President Riek Machar appeared in court on treason charges, including crimes against humanity and conspiracy. Machar’s trial marked his first public appearance since being placed under house arrest in March. He was suspended by President Salva Kiir after being accused of involvement in an attack against government troops. The defense challenged the legitimacy of the court, claiming that Machar’s prosecution undermines the 2018 peace agreement that formed the basis of South Sudan’s transitional government. The proceedings have been adjourned amid growing fears of a return to full-scale conflict. The trial has highlighted the fragile nature of peace in South Sudan and the deep-seated political rivalries that continue to threaten the country’s stability.
Regional Trends and Implications
These events in 2024 reflect a broader pattern of political instability and military interventions across Africa. The frequency of coups and attempted coups has raised concerns about the erosion of democratic institutions and the rule of law in the region. Factors contributing to this trend include
- Weak GovernanceFragile political institutions and governance structures have made it challenging for many African countries to address issues such as corruption, inequality, and inadequate public services.
- Security ChallengesOngoing conflicts, insurgencies, and the presence of armed groups have destabilized several regions, prompting military interventions.
- Economic HardshipsHigh levels of poverty, unemployment, and economic mismanagement have fueled public discontent and provided fertile ground for military leaders to justify takeovers.
- Regional DynamicsThe actions of neighboring countries and regional organizations have influenced political developments, with some military-led governments seeking to align with others to strengthen their positions.
International Responses
The international community has expressed concern over the increasing number of coups and the weakening of democratic norms in Africa. Organizations such as the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have condemned unconstitutional changes of government and called for the restoration of civilian rule. However, their efforts have often been met with resistance from military leaders, who argue that their actions are necessary to address national crises. The effectiveness of regional and international interventions remains a topic of debate, with some analysts questioning the commitment and capacity of these organizations to enforce democratic principles.
Looking Ahead
The events of 2024 underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to promote political stability, good governance, and the protection of democratic institutions in Africa. Strengthening civil society, supporting independent media, and fostering inclusive political dialogue are essential components of such strategies. Additionally, addressing the root causes of instability, including poverty, inequality, and insecurity, is crucial for preventing future coups and ensuring sustainable development across the continent.
As Africa continues to navigate these challenges, the experiences of countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Chad, and South Sudan offer valuable lessons in the complexities of governance and the resilience required to uphold democratic ideals in the face of adversity.